Transistors

A Transistor (the construction of Transfer Resister) is an electric semiconductors (called electrode).  These are referred to as active component in contrast to “passive component” such as resistance or capacitors which ably have two electrodes (referred to as being “bipolor”).

A MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) transistors is the most common type pof transistor used to designed integrated circuits MOS transistors have two negative charged area, respectively called sourced (which has almost zero charge) and drain (which has a 5v charge) separate by a positively charged region, called a substrate).  The substrate has a control electrode overlaid, called a gate that allows a charge to be applied to the substrate.

All signal of processor

Control Signal of Processor-  Control signal are electronic signals that orchestrate the various processor units participating in the execution of an instruction.  Central signals are sent using an element called a sequenced. For example read and write signal allows the memory to be told that the processor wants to read and write information.

Function Unit of Processor-  The processor the madeup of the group to interrelated units (or control  unit) Microprocessor architecture varies considerably from one design to another but the main elements of a microprocessor are as fallows.

                    A control unit that links the incoming data, decodes it, and sends it to the execution unit, the central unit is made up of the following elements.

Sequencer of Processor (or monitor and Logical Unit)-  That synchronize instruction execution with the clock speed .  It also sends control signals.

An execution Unit(or processing unit)-  That accomplish tasks assigned to it by the instructions unit.  The execution unit is made of the following elements.

The arithmetical and logical unit (written ALU).  The ALU perform basic arithmetical calculation and logic functions (And or Exclusive or etc).

The floating point unit (written FPU) that performs partial complex calculations which cannot be done by the arithmetical and logic unit.

Bus Management Unit-  That manage the flow of incoming and outgoing information and that interfaces with system RAM.

Cache Memory

 Cache Memory (also called buffer memory) is local memory that reduce waiting times for information stored in RAM (Random Access Memory).  In effect the computer’s main memory is slower than that of the processor.  There are however types of memory that are much faster, but which have a greatly increased cast.  The solution is greatly increased cost.  The solution is therefore to include the type of local memory close to the processor and to temporarily store to primary data to proceed in it, recent model computer have many different level of cache memory. 

Level Cache Memory-  This is directly integrated into the processor.  It is subdivided in to the two ports.

The first is the instructions cache which contains instructions from the RAM that have been decoded they came across the pipelines.

The second ports are data cache which contain daya from the RAM and data recently used during processor operations.

Level 1 cache memory canbe accessed very rapidly.  Access waiting time approach that are internal process registers.

Level 2 cache Memory (called L2 cache for L2 cache)-  This is located in the cache along with the processor(in the chip).  The level cac he2 is an intermediately between the processor, with its internal cache, and the RAM.  It can be accessed more rapidly than the level 1` cache.

Level 3 Cache Memory(called level 3 cache for Level 3 Cache)-   This is located on motherboard all these level of cache reduce the latency time of various memory type when processing as transferring information while the processor works the level one cache controller to transfer information without impeding the processor.  As well the level 2 cache interface with the RAM (Level three cache) to allow transfers without impeding normal processor.

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